Grammar

Grammar

Object:

The receiver of an action is called object.

Affected person, place or thing of a sentence is called object.

Ex: they are painting the room.

He will invite us tonight.

Object divided in two parts

First: direct object.

Second: indirect object.

1- Direct object is an object which receives the action first and it is usually a thing.

2- Indirect object is an object which receives the action second and it is usually a person.

(s+v+d.ob+P+in.ob)

Ex: they bought a car for Ali.

She made a cake for her children.

I teach English you.

Ex: they bought Ali a car. (s + v+ in.ob+ d.ob)

She made her children a cake.

Note: it has more used.

Complement

Complement is a part of a sentence that completes the meaning of a sentence.

Complement can be a noun a pronoun an adjective an adverb and a prepositional phrase that completes the meaning of a sentence.

Note: preposition + noun.

Ex: Ali is a teacher.

He runs fast.

This book is mine.

She is at home.

She looks beautiful.

e.o .p

Extension of predicate

Predicate: Main verb if a sentence is called predicate.

Without subject the meaning patt of a sentence is called predicate.

Ex: Ali bought a car.

E. O.P: whatever comes after the main verb without object/complement is called E.O .P

E.O .P gives us additional information.

E.O.P divided in two parts

Time Expression.

Place expression

Ex: Ali bout a car yesterday

Ali bought a car in Kabul

What does USA stand for.

Tense

Tense is taken from a Latin word (tempus) which means (time, age)

Tense is the form of a verb which shows when an action happens.

Tense shows the tome of an action.

Ex: Ali wrote the report.

Tense

Present	Past	Future
Simple present	Simple past	Simple future
Present continuous	Past continuous	Future continuous
Present perfect	Past perfect	Future perfect
Present perfect continuous	Past perfect continuous	Future perfect continuous

Simple present tense:

It shows an action that happens habitually or regularly in the present.

Ex: Ahmad smokes cigarette

She goes to school every day.

They live in Kabul.

He plays cricket every Friday.

Rules:

1- When the subject is the third person singular we add (s , es, ies) with the verb.

1^st person : I we

2^nd person: You you

3^rd person: ( he she it) they

Singular and plural

2- When the verb is ended with ( ch, sh, ss, x, o) we add (es)

Watch, watches. Wash, washes. Miss, misses. Fix, fixes, do, does.

3- When the verbs ended with (y) and before (y) if there is a consonant letter, we change (y) into I and add (es), but if there is a vowel letter. We add only.(s)

Study, studies. Cry, cries. Play, plays. Buy, buys.

4- We use (do, does) for question.

Usages of simple present tens

1- We use simple present tense to talk about permanent action.

Ex: people sleep at night.

Students go to universities

2- We use simple present tense to talk about fact.

fact
General fact	Universal fact
Ex: Ali is a student	Ex: Allah is one

3- We use simple present tense to talk about the habits of some one.

Ex: He talks too much.

She loughs lots

4- We use simple present tense with (always) to talk about repeated action.

Ex: he always comes late.

She always talks about her family.

5- We use simple present tense with (why don’t) to make suggestion.

Ex: Why don’t we leave the class?

Why don’t we watch TV?

6- We use simple present tense with future time expression to talk about an action that will happen in the future.

Ex: they come here tomorrow

I meet the president next week

7- We use simple present tense to talk about time tabled action.

Ex: the class starts at 8:30 every day

The bus arrives at 6:00 every morning

8- We use simple present tense in newspaper headlines to talk about past actions

Ex: America supports Afghanistan /supported.

9- We use simple present tense with (if) to talk about present condition.

Ex: If you come here, I will teach you

If he calls me, I will help him

10- We use simple present tense to talk about costumes and traditions

Ex: Muslims bury their dead.

Hindus burn their dead.

11- We use simple presents tense to talk about daily activities of someone from morning till night.

Ex: Ahmad walks at 6:00 every morning

He goes to school at 8:00 every morning

12- We use simple present tense with the following verbs instead of present continuous tense.

(Love, hate, like, dislike, remember, think, believe…)

Ex: Ahmad loves parents.

Ahmad is loving his parents.

13- We use simple present tense in imperative sentences

Imperative
Positive	Negative
Close the door	Don’t close the door
Stop the car	Don’t stop the car

Present continuous tense

It shows an action that is in continuation right now.

1. we use (to be verbs)
2. we add (ing) with the mean verb

Ex: I am teaching English right now.

Ali is fixing the car

S + tb + v + ing + c

1- We use present continuous tense to talk about temporary action.

Ex: why are you crying?

Harry up we’re all waiting for you

2- We use present continuous tense to talk about an action that changes

Ex: the weather is getting cold

Your English is improving.

3- We use present continuous tense with future time expression to talk about an action that is plaed to happen in the future.

Ex: they are coming here next week.

I am meeting with the president tomorrow

4- We use present continuous tense with (always) to talk about repeated action that aoys the speaker.

Ex: He always comes late

He is always coming late

5- We use present continuous tense to talk about physical feelings

Ex: my head is aching

My head aches

Present perfect tense

It shows an action that happened at unspecific time in the past.

1. We use (have/has)
2. We use past participle 3^rd form of a verb.

Ex: I have met the president

She has written a book

Ali has gone to Herat

They have bought a car

Sub+ have/has+3^rd of verb + obj +c

Usage of present perfect tense

1- We use ……….. to talk about repeated action at unspecific time in the past

We use (twice, there time many time, several time.

Ex: I have met the present twice.

They have called me many times

2- We use …………… with never to talk an action that has not happened from the past up to now.

Ex: Ali has never gone to cinema.

He has never smoked cigarette.

3- We use ………. To talk about an action that happened in the past but the result is in the present.

Ex: she has cried

4- We use …………. With (since/ for) to talk about an action that started the past continued to present may or mayn’t go to the future.

Since: it shows specific time.

It shows the starting point of time.

For: it shows the duration.

Since:

Yesterday

Last week

Last month

Last year

1990

10:00

I was a child

For:

2 days

3 weeks

4months

5 hours

15 minutes

Ex: they have lived in Kabul since 2000

They have lived in Kabul for 12 years

I have been in Kabul for 2 months and 7 days

5- We use …………… with (today this morning) this week, this month, this year,

When these periods are not finished

Time expressions

Finished unfinished

Yesterday today

Last week this week

Last month this month

Simple present tense

Ex: she has not called her mother this week

I have taught 4 classes this morning

I have spoken English yesterday

Present perfect continuous tense

It shows the duration and continuation of an action that started in the past continued to present may or may not go to the futher.

Duration continuation

For/since verb+ ing

You are studying English right now

Ex: you have been studying English since 8:30

You have been studying English for 30 minutes

I have been being since morning

1- Sub+ have/has+ been + verb +ing+obj+com+since/for+time

Ali has been fixing the car for 2 hours

She has been watching tv for 20 m

The usage of present perfect continuous

1- We use …………… to talk about repeated action

Ex: sb has been knocking the door since 8:30

The phone has been ringing for 5 minutes

2- We use …………. To talk about the duration of an action that is happening now.

Ex: I have been teaching English for 4 years

3- We use …….. without (since/ for) to talk about an action that stopped short time ago.

Ex: we have been talking about you

I have been teaching English

4- We use ………….. to talk about an action that was in continuation in the past but the result is in the present.

Ex: I have been ruing

I have been swimming

Simple past tense

It shows an action that happened at particular time in the past.

- We use (past form /2^nd form of a verb.

We use (did) for question

Ex: they bought a car last week

She went to Herat last month.

Ali graduated from university last year

He invited us last night

1- Sub+2^nd form +obj+/com

They fixed the car yesterday.

He called me last night

The usage of simple past tense

1- We use ………… to talk about completed action at particular time in the past.

Ex: her father died in 1990

He went outside

2- We use …………… to talk about the past habits of someone

Ex: Ali use to smoke

Ali smoked cigratte.

3- We use ………… with if to talk about present unreal condition

If I were president , we would go to park.

If I were president, I would help the people.

4- We use …………….. with (when) to talk about two actions one of which happened first and completed them the second action happened.

Ex: when she got married she left this country.

When he started business, he becom

Very rich

Past continuous tense

It shows an action that was in continuation in the past

Sub+was/were + verb+ing+obj/com

Ex: you were studying English at 9:00 yesterday

They were living in Kabul last year

Usages of past continuous tense

1- We use …………. With ( always) to talk about repeated action in the past.

Ex: when Ali was a student he was always coming late.

2- We use …………….. with (when) to talk about two actions one of which was in continuation when the second action happened.

Ex: when the manager called me . I was checking the papers.

3- We use ……….. with (while ) to talk about two actions which were in continuation at the same tome in the past.

Ex: Ali was watching tv while Ahmad was writing a letter.

While Ahmad was writing a letter , Ali was watching tv.

Was Ali watching tv while Ahmad was writing a letter.

Ex: when they were here they were always fighting with each other.

Past perfect tense

It shows an action that happened before another action in the past

Past before past later action , second action

Dallier past simple past tense

Past perfect t

We use (when, before, by the time and after)

Ex: when I came to the class you had left the class.

By the time my friend called me, I had eaten lunch

After I had eaten lunch, my friend called me

After the patient had died, the doctor arrived.

Before the doctor arrived ,the patient had died

Note: when by the time

The usage of past perfect tense

Sub+ had+ p.p obj/com

They had fixed the car.

1- We use (p.p.t) to talk about completed action before another action.

In the past.

Ex: when I came the class you had left the class.

2- We use ……….. with if to talk about past unreal condition.

Ex: if you had invited me, I would have goined the party.

3- We use ………….. with (for) to talk about the duration of action before another action in the past.

Ex: by the time they went USA

They had lived in Kabul to 10 years

Past perfect continuous tense

It shows the duration and continuation of an action before another / action in the past/

Since / for

You were studying English at 9:00 yesterday.

Ex: you had been studying English since 8:30 yesterday

You had been studying English for one hour

When the manager called me, I was checking the paper

I had been checking the papers since 8:30

Usage

1- We use ………….. to show that for how long an action was in continuation in the past

Ex: I had been checking the papers for 30 minutes

Sub+had+been+verb+ing+obj+/com+since/for+time

Ali had been typing the letters for 2 hours

And many more ودیگرزیاد

Had+ sub+been+verb+ing+obj/com+since/for+time

Simple future tense

If shows an action that will happen in the coming time

ð We use (will, shall, be going to)

ð Shale ( I, we)

Sub+will+base form+ ob/com

Ex: I will invite him tonight

The usage of simple future tense

1- We use (s.f.t) to predict about the future

It will rain tomorrow

2- We use (s. f.t) to show willingness

I will open the door

3- We use (s.f.t) to show unwillingness

I will not open the door

4- We use (s.f.t) to make suggestion. (shall)

Shall we leave the class?

5- We use (s.f.t) for invitation

Will you come to the party tonight?

6- We use (s.f.t) to talk about preplaed activity.

They are going to buy a car tomorrow

Future continuous tense

It shows an action that will be in continuation In the future

1- Sub+will+be+verb+ing+obj/com

Ex: Ali will be typing English at 9:30 tomorro

The usage of future continuous tense

1- We use (f.c.t) to predict about the future

It will be raining tomorrow

2- We use (f.c.t) talk about future plans.

By the year 2018 , I will be living in the USA

3- We use (f. c. t) with (when) to talk about two actions on e of which will be in continuation in the future when the second action happens.

When I come to the class you will be studding English

Future perfect tense

It shows an action that will have happened before another action in the future.

Future before future

Earlier future later future

First action second action

Future perfect simple futur

ð We use ( when, before by the time)

(s. present t)

When I come to the class, You will have left the class

By the time my brother comes, I will have graduated from University

The usage of future perfect tense

1- We use (f.p.t) to talk about completed action before another action in the future.

Ex: when I come to the class, you will have left the class.

2- We use (f.p.t) with for to talk about the duration of an action before another action in the future.

Ex: when they go to the USA, they will have lived in Kabul for 10 years.

Rule

Sub+will+have+p.p+obj+com

نوت: بعد از will has استفاده نمیتوانیم چون این وامثال اینها axillary verb است.

Future perfect continuous tense

It shows the duration and continuation of an action before another action in the future.

Ex: you will be studding English at 9:30 tomorrow

You have been studying English since 8:30

You will have been studying English for one hour

Ex: when the manger calls me, I will be checking the papers.

When the manager calls me, I will have been checking the papers since 8:00

The usage of f.p.c.t

We use (f.p.c.t) to show how long an action will be in continuation

Ex: I will have been checking the papers for 30 minutes

Structures

S+will+Have+been+v+ ing+obj+com

Voice

Voice is a form of verb to show whether a subject does/perform an action , or sentence.

1- Active voice

2- Passive voice

Active voice: when a subject is a Dover at an action. In a sentence is called active voice

Ex: habibi closed the door

Passive voice: when a subject is a receiver of an action and an object is a dover of an action is called passive voice.

Ex: Zia has been killed , near Melp

How to change an active voice into passive voice

Roles/step/tips/law/

1- To recognize a tense

2- To find out transitive verb

3- To use to be verb according to teach tense

4- Change the main verb into third from of verb

5- Subject of an active voice become an object of (p.v)

6- Object of an active voice become a subject of a passive voice

7- Structures of each tense should be recognized.

Verbs

1- Transitive verb متعدی

2- Intransitive verb لازمی

Why do we learn t or int verbs?

- To know which verb takes an object or Which verb does not take an object.

- To show which verb can change into passive voice or not.

Transitive verb:

A verb which can take an object or have an object called t verb.

Ex: Ali killed Roya

Roya was killed by Ali

Intransitive verb:

A verb which can not take an object called in t.v